{"id":5500,"date":"2023-03-24T22:10:34","date_gmt":"2023-03-24T15:10:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.indowhiz.com\/articles\/?p=5500"},"modified":"2023-04-01T14:29:59","modified_gmt":"2023-04-01T07:29:59","slug":"scientific-journals-business-models","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.indowhiz.com\/articles\/en\/scientific-journals-business-models\/","title":{"rendered":"Uncovering the Business Models of Scientific Journals"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>A scientific journal (also known as an academic journal, a scholarly journal, or a peer-reviewed journal) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indowhiz.com\/articles\/en\/scientific-article-journey-from-writing-to-publication\/\">publishes research articles written by scholars and researchers<\/a>. These articles include peer-reviewed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indowhiz.com\/articles\/en\/research-importance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">original research<\/a>, review articles, and other academic content. Nonetheless, some users are dissatisfied with the high subscription fee, and article processing charge (APC), charged by most journals. Although authors must pay to publish their research, most <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indowhiz.com\/articles\/en\/response-to-reviewers-comments\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">peer-reviewers<\/a> work for free or as volunteers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-3576d976 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.indowhiz.com\/articles\/en\/criticisms-scientific-journal-pricing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read more about criticisms on Scientific journal costs.<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Inside journal publishing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Most people know that reputable journals have high APCs, or subscription fees. However, they have no idea how journal publishing works or the related costs. Here, we will reveal a brief about them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">High operating costs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A reputable scientific journal usually has high operating costs, which include (but not limited to) <span id=\"95590c30-a3d3-4b25-ae8f-66feb8a6dec3\" data-items=\"[&quot;3256709890&quot;]\" class=\"abt-citation\" contenteditable=\"false\">\u200b[1]\u200b<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-c6bc58be wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Content pre-production<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Online submission system or infrastructure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Searching for and assigning reviewers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Communication with reviewers and authors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Handling of the re-submission process<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plagiarism or similarity check<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Content production<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Manuscript tracking system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Technical checking of manuscript<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Copyediting and typesetting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Formatting figures\/graphs\/tables<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>XML and metadata preparation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Handling author corrections<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Publish and archive<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Web platform and hosting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Long-term digital preservation (CLOCKSS\/Portico, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Indexing services (Scopus, PMC, DOAJ, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DOI<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Printing and distribution<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marketing and promotion <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>However, we cannot generalize the journal cost. In a small journal with a high acceptance rate, the average operating cost of each published article could be less than $100. Whereas reputable journals may cost more than $2,000. Therefore, the lower the acceptance rate, the higher the operating cost <span id=\"933a78c5-d5f8-4a3e-b0dd-d870d8fd92bf\" data-items=\"[&quot;3256709890&quot;,&quot;593177792&quot;]\" class=\"abt-citation\" contenteditable=\"false\">\u200b[1], [2]\u200b<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is why, depending on the journal&#8217;s reputation, the article processing charge (APC) can range from $100 to $11,000. Highly reputable publishers, such as Springer Nature, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/for-authors\/publishing-options\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">may charge authors up to $11,690<\/a> to publish their articles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Assume the true cost of processing a journal article is $100. Whereas, the reputable publisher may publish one out of every ten articles (10% acceptance rate). That is, the published article&#8217;s price should cover the entire cost of production. As a result, the APC for each published article would be roughly $1,000, ten times the processing cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, the costs listed above can vary greatly. It depends on the journal&#8217;s size and scope, as well as the number of potential readers. There&#8217;s also prestige pricing, which involves authors paying a higher price to show their status. This means journal quality and competitiveness affect journal pricing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1279\" height=\"668\" src=\"https:\/\/www.indowhiz.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/harvard-business-publishing-headquarters-hybrid-work-layout.jpg\" alt=\"Publishing workstation\" class=\"wp-image-7767\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Publishing workstation (source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mds-bos.com\/harvard-business-publishing-headquarters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MDS Architects<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Revenue generation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>What options do they have for generating revenue and financially supporting the journal?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most journal publishers have at least three business models to choose from. The subscription-based and open-access models are used by many reputable journals, while some small and medium-sized journals may also be subsidized by academic institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Subscription-based model<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Subscription-based publishers will charge readers for access to their content. This is the traditional scientific journal publishing model. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are various access offers available, such as per-article and individual or institutional subscriptions. However, the price of these subscriptions varies depending on the publisher and the number of journals included in a subscription package.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Open-access (OA) model<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Open-access (OA) publishers offer free access to and reuse of scientific information. However, they usually charge authors an article processing charge (APC) to cover the production costs. These fees can vary depending on several factors, including the publisher&#8217;s reputation and the average number of articles submitted to the journal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, the lower the acceptance rate, the higher the APC per article. However, not all open-access journals charge publication fees; some are supported by institutional support or grants.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hybrid of the subscription and OA models<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Some publishers offer authors two options: open access or a subscription model. It means that authors can pay the APC and ensure that their articles are freely accessible. Authors who choose the subscription model, on the other hand, will not be charged, but the reader must pay to access the article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With this hybrid model, it is possible for a publisher to &#8220;double dip&#8221; their article <span id=\"93993c7d-1c0d-4369-bf53-468cd796cf0b\" data-items=\"[&quot;2410554596&quot;]\" class=\"abt-citation\" contenteditable=\"false\">\u200b[3]\u200b<\/span>. It means, they charge the authors the APC, but the reader is also charged to access the same article. Many publishers, however, have policies in place to prevent double-dipping. Moreover, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/open-access-policies\/open-access-journals\/double-dipping-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">some publishers may offer discounts<\/a> on subscription fees or APCs to offset any potential double-dipping revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other fundings<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to subscriptions and article processing charge (APC) fees, <a href=\"https:\/\/open-access.network\/en\/information\/financing\/business-models-for-journals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">there are other funding<\/a> or revenue-generation models for scientific journals.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Institutional funding\/<strong>subsidize<\/strong>.<\/strong><br>Institutions usually host or publish their own journal. Generally, laborers and editors are taken from their own employees. Therefore, the institution may indirectly subsidize the journal&#8217;s operating costs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Crowdfunding.<\/strong><br>Crowdfunding is an alternative collective funding model with many funders. Individuals or organizations can contribute funds to the journal&#8217;s operating costs under this model. Some computational biology-related campaigns, for example, have raised more than $100,000 in donations <span id=\"f8ef58bb-11e5-45bb-910b-f7fd4d0b5873\" data-items=\"[&quot;928203717&quot;]\" class=\"abt-citation\" contenteditable=\"false\">\u200b[4]\u200b<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Predatory Journals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Science publishing seems to be a very profitable business. They have a high profit margin despite their narrow audience. For example, RELX, the parent company of Elsevier, <a href=\"https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/relx-full-2022-earnings-revenues-071829392.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">has earned about $3 billion profit in 2022<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This promising profit has led to a rise in <a href=\"https:\/\/scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com\/research-process\/what-predatory-journal-checklist\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">predatory journals. <\/a>It has become a source of concern among academics. Mostly because they are only interested in money. Consequently, these journals have questionable publishing practices. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They often charge the author without providing adequate quality control (e.g., credible peer review) for published articles. These journals often engage in deceptive practices, such as falsely claiming to be indexed in reputable databases or using false impact factors.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Predatory journals can harm the reputation and credibility of researchers. They can also harm the scientific community by disseminating low-quality research that has not been properly assessed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers should avoid being taken advantage of by predatory journals. Before submitting their work, they should carefully consider potential publication venues.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-3576d976 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.indowhiz.com\/articles\/en\/find-journals-for-publication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn how to identify potential journals for publication and avoid predatory journals.<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<section aria-label=\"Bibliography\" class=\"wp-block-abt-bibliography abt-bibliography\" role=\"region\"><ol class=\"abt-bibliography__body\" data-maxoffset=\"3\" data-linespacing=\"1\" data-second-field-align=\"flush\"><li id=\"3256709890\">  <div class=\"csl-entry\">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\">[1]<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\">A. Grossmann and B. Brembs, \u201cCurrent market rates for scholarly publishing services,\u201d <i>F1000Research<\/i>. F1000 Research Ltd, p. 20, Jul. 01, 2021. doi: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.27468.2\">10.12688\/f1000research.27468.2<\/a>.<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/li><li id=\"593177792\">  <div class=\"csl-entry\">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\">[2]<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\">R. Van Noorden, \u201cThe true cost of science publishing,\u201d <i>Springer Nature<\/i>, Mar. 28, 2013. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/495426a.pdf\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/495426a.pdf<\/a> (accessed Mar. 22, 2023).<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/li><li id=\"2410554596\">  <div class=\"csl-entry\">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\">[3]<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\">K. Geschuhn and A. Vogler, \u201cDisrupting the subscription journals\u2019 business model for the necessary large-scale transformation to open access,\u201d <i>ScienceOpen Research<\/i>. ScienceOpen, Jun. 10, 2015. doi: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14293\/s2199-1006.1.sor-edu.ajrg23.v1\">10.14293\/s2199-1006.1.sor-edu.ajrg23.v1<\/a>.<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/li><li id=\"928203717\">  <div class=\"csl-entry\">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\">[4]<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\">J. Vachelard, T. Gambarra-Soares, G. Augustini, P. Riul, and V. Maracaja-Coutinho, \u201cA Guide to Scientific Crowdfunding,\u201d <i>PLOS Biology<\/i>. Public Library of Science (PLoS), p. e1002373, Feb. 17, 2016. doi: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002373\">10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002373<\/a>.<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/li><\/ol><\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Cover image by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/skyscraper-above-clouds-3802168\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ross Taylor in pexels<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A scientific journal (also known as an academic journal, a scholarly journal, or a peer-reviewed journal) publishes research articles written by scholars and researchers. These articles include peer-reviewed original research, review articles, and other academic content. Nonetheless, some users are dissatisfied with the high subscription fee, and article processing charge (APC), charged by most journals. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7884,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[502],"tags":[1443,1442,594,1440,593],"class_list":["post-5500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academic","tag-apc","tag-business-model","tag-open-access","tag-scientific-journal","tag-subscription"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Uncovering the Business Models of Scientific Journals &#8211; Indowhiz<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How exactly does the publisher work, and how much does it cost to run the journal? 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